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Final Year Project
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IOT (Internet of Things) BASED SMART UNDERGROUND CABLE FAULT LOCATOR Final Year Project

ABSTRACT The objective of this project is to determine the location of fault in underground cable lines from the source station to exact location of fault in any units, here in kilometres. Whenever a fault occurs in the underground cable line for some reason, the repairing process relating to that faulted cable becomes difficult owing to lack of proper system for tracking the exact fault location and the type of fault occurred in the cable. A system has to be developed to find the exact location of the fault in the distribution line system for all the three phases R, Y & B for different type of situations of faults. Based on the Ohm’s Law, it is found that the resistance of the cable is proportional to its length under constant conditions of temperature and the cross section area and therefore if a low DC voltage is applied at the feeder end through a series of resistor in cable lines, the current would vary depending upon the location of fault in the cable. Here a system is developed which consists of a microcontroller, LCD display, Fault Sensing Circuit Module, IoT Wi-Fi Module and proper power supply arrangement with regulated power output. The current sensing of circuits made with a combination of resistors is interfaced to ATmega328 micro controller with the help of internally inbuilt ADC for providing the digital data to microcontroller. The fault sensing circuit is made with the combination of set of series resistors &the set of switches alongside each resistor. Furthermore, Murray loop test is also used for detecting the location of the fault . This method uses basic equipment that obtained easily. This test is performed for the location of either an earth fault or short circuit fault in underground cable. In these tests the resistance of fault does not affect the results obtained except when the resistance of fault is very high. So the Murray loop test and Ohm’s Law are the basis of the fault detection in cable systems.

LIST OF SYMBOLS & ACRONYMS IOT

Internet of Things

PSCAD

Power System Computer Aided Design.

Table of Contents ABSTRACT

LIST OF SYMBOLS & ACRONYMS

iii

LIST OF FIGURES

INTRODUCTION:

PROBLEM STATEMENT

LITERATURE REVIEW

PROJECT OVERVIEW/GOAL

PROJECT METHODLOGY

BLOCK DIAGRAM

PROJECT MILESTONES AND DELIVERABLES

WORK DIVISION

COSTING

REFERENCES

LIST OF FIGURES Fig 1 Line Fault Diagram

Fig 2 Schematic of Idea

Fig 3 Block Diagram of Project

INTRODUCTION: Use of underground power cable is expanding due to safety considerations and enhanced reliability in the distribution systems in recent times. Due to safety reasons and high power requirements in densely populated areas, use of underground cable has seen a sharp hike. The underground cable systems have the advantages of not getting affected by any adverse weather condition such as storm, snow, heavy rainfall as well as pollution. But it has its own drawback for immediate tracking of fault in the underground cable lines. Study of cable failures and development of accurate fault detection and location methods has been interesting research topics in the past and present. Fault tracking entails determination of the presence of a fault, while fault location detection includes the determination of the physical location of the fault. However, this fault detection and fault location detection technology for underground power distribution systems is still in developing stages. Before fixing any fault in cables, the fault has to be identified first. There are many ways to find the cable fault location. This project deals with the method to locate faults and identify the phase line in damaged cables. The main challenge in underground cable is exact fault detection which is difficult to locate in the area.

PROBLEM STATEMENT ● There is a chance of faults in underground power systems because of various underground conditions. So the underground system in which almost everything is quite complex, it’s difficult for anyone to locate the wearing or tearing of any wire. ● The whole area has to be viewed in order to locate the fault and it has to be dug to detect it. ● It consumes a lot of time just to find an underground fault and it creates a lot of hastiness for the repairmen to find the fault. ● Underground system is quite safe and reliable system but in case of faults, underground faults are most difficult to locate. ● The exact location is difficult to locate as the underground system is complex and similarly the fault location is also a big challenge/ ● The targeted customers are the housing societies containing underground distribution system such as Bahria Town, Lake City , DHA , Dream Garden etc.

LITERATURE REVIEW In 2017 Ghulam Rubab Mirza researched on the Design and Fabrication of Underground Fault Distance Locator Using Arduino and GSM. It is used for remote indication to diminish power outages and heavy loss of profit by sending SMS to main control room so the field engineer can resolve the issue of an exact fault location. The system implements Arduino to give fast data processing system and results on LCD. The system becomes compact and cost efficient as the components such as relays, regulator IC, relay driver IC, GSM module and LCD etc are integrated with Arduino. This enables relays to differentiate between phases by blinking the associated leds. It enables GSM module to send sms to operators for quicker fault detection and displays fault related information on LCD so that the fault could be resolved as soon as possible. GSM Implementation of GSM module in proposed system diminishes communication gap by transcribing quicker fault results and is also known as Arduino shield because it helps Arduino board to connect with internet and send or receive messages. Messages are sent automatically to operators hence they dont need to be available 24/7 where the fault takes place and production losses are also reduced hence making system more authenticated, efficient, simple and definitely has an edge against our competitors. On the other hand, it could be extended to fault tolerant system because every part has its own mechanism and if any part stops working, it will isolate only that particular component in order to work continually [1]. However the GSM module is restricted to use because of chances of misuse of that product. In 2018, Tanmay Kedia, Abhijeet Lal, Dr. Abhishek Verma researched on the IOT based Underground Fault detection using Atmega 328P in which the exact distance of fault can be located by given distance in kilometers. The main principle of it is the Ohm’s Law where a low DC voltage is applied at the feeder and through fault sensing circuit [2]. The operation of the system states that when the current flows through the fault sensing circuit module the current would vary depending upon the length of the cable from the place of fault that occurred if there is any short circuit fault with the Single Line to ground fault, or double line to ground fault, or three phase to ground fault.[8] The voltage drops across the series resistors changes accordingly and then the fault signal goes to internal ADC of the microcontroller to develop digital data. Then microcontroller will process the digital data and the output is being displayed in the LCD connected to the microcontroller in kilometres and phase as per the fault conditions. This output is also displayed in the webpage through the IoT Wi-Fi Module ESP8266 connected to the system. Underground fault can be detected in a variety of ways and there are many algorithms to calculate faults and some of the algorithms are:

A. FAULT LOCATION ALGORITHMS: Single-ended fault location algorithms are only based on single end measures of voltage and current.

● The current flows from sending end bus (S) to the receiving end bus (R). ● A single phase to ground fault occurred in the middle (F) of the transmission line. ● The line impedance per kilometer is known, and we can get measured data (voltage and current) from sending end or receiving end bus to find the impedance. (𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑛𝑑)

𝑍𝑠 =

𝑉𝑠 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1) 𝐼𝑠

(𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑛𝑑)

𝑍𝑟 =

𝑉𝑟 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2) 𝐼𝑟

By using the line impedance per kilometer (Z line), we can easily determine the distance from sending end to fault point by (3), and from receiving end to fault point by (4). 𝐿𝑠 =

𝑍𝑠 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (3) 𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒

𝐿𝑟 =

𝑍𝑟 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (4) 𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒

Basic equations of single ended fault location algorithms, suitable for short transmission line 7

B. Double-Ended Unsynchronized Fault Location Algorithm: Single-ended algorithms suffered from fault resistance and shunt capacitance. It is reasonable to assume that the effects of fault resistance and shunt capacitance are the same to both ends. That means these effects would shorten or lengthen the estimated distances on both ends [2]. So we can use single-ended algorithm twice to the get the estimated distances on both ends for estimation of distances 𝐿𝑠(𝑁𝑒𝑤) =

𝐿𝑠 ∗𝐿 𝐿𝑠 + 𝐿𝑟

𝐿𝑟(𝑁𝑒𝑤) =

𝐿𝑟 ∗𝐿 𝐿𝑠 + 𝐿𝑟

We can measured the data of both ends and reduce the effects of fault resistance and shunt capacitance to improve the accuracy of distance estimation It is not good enough for underground transmission lines, because of the higher shunt capacitance.

C. Double-Ended Synchronized Fault Location Algorithm: Fault resistance and shunt capacitance are the major source of errors for fault location It measured voltage and current phasors of both ends (no fault impedance and shunt capacitance effect) and get the accurate of fault distance.[4]

Disadvantage: Complicated computation is not popular in power system. From sending end [𝑉𝑓 𝐼𝑓 ] = [𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛾(𝐿 − 𝑋)) 𝑍𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛾(𝐿 − 𝑋))

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛾(𝐿 − 𝑋)) 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛾(𝐿 𝑍𝑐

− 𝑋)) ] [𝑉𝑠 − 𝐼𝑠 ]

PROJECT OVERVIEW/GOAL The main goal is to detect accurate fault location with IOT based technology which will help to detect fault in lesser amount of time. IOT based technology helps us to detect the exact fault location and can know the location through LCD. Some other solutions include fault detection through MATLAB and other ways such as quadrilateral impedance relay. The iot based fault location systems displays the distance of fault through an LCD and it tells us the specified distance in km in which the fault is more likely have occurred.

PROJECT METHODLOGY The project is consisting of several parts, one of which includes the coding of microcontroller used in this project which is ATMEGA 328P. Our project objectives is to start finding the distance of fault from 1km to 2km and up to 4km of the distance in the Red, Yellow and Green wires.

Operation ● The operation of the system states that when the current flows through the fault sensing circuit module the current would vary depending upon the length of the cable from the place of fault that occurred if there is any short circuit fault with the Single Line to ground fault, or double line to ground fault, or three phase to ground fault.[5] ● The voltage drops across the series resistors changes accordingly and then the fault signal goes to internal ADC of the microcontroller to develop digital data. ● The microcontroller will process the digital data and the output is being displayed in the LCD connected to the microcontroller in kilometres and phase as per the fault conditions. ● This Output is also displayed in the webpage through the IoT Wi-Fi Module ESP8266 connected to the system. ● The power supply given to the system is 220V AC supply. This 220 V supply is fed to the two Adapter Modules (12 V, 2 Amps. each). The adaptor module 1 and 2 converts the AC voltage to DC. ● The ripple in output of adaptor module 1 is then removed with the help of a 1000 microfarad electrolytic capacitor.

● Since a constant 5 V voltage source is desired for our system, because the Microcontroller (ATmega328), 16×2 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), Relay Drivers and Relays, Fault Sensing Circuit Module [6], IOT Wi-Fi Module[7], etc. and the other components work at 5V supply, hence the use of three voltage regulators (7805). These voltage regulators convert the filtered output to 5V constant supply voltage.

● The first voltage regulator (VR1) feeds the 5 Volts supply to the microcontroller, LCD display, and the set of series resistors while the second voltage regulator VR2 feeds the relay driver IC ULN2003A and 3 three relays. ● The third Voltage regulator is connected to the IoT ESP8266 Wi-Fi Development Board Module which gives 5 Volts DC supply to it. ● The project consists of three relays which are driven by a relay driver IC ULN2003A. The relays used here switches off/on the bulb loads R, Y and B to indicate the fault being occurred in corresponding phases.

Fig 2. Schematic of Idea

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 3. Block Diagram of Working of Fault detector

PROJECT MILESTONES AND DELIVERABLES ● The first objective of this project is to detect the distance of the fault and display it on a LCD. ● The fault can also be located on a website in which all the phases can be monitored on the website. ● Precision in fault location ● Nature of fault ● Fast in response

COSTING Estimated cost of the project is Rs. 25,000/- including the microcontroller, lcd and other components in the circuit.

CONCLUSION The goal of IOT is not just only connecting things such as machines, devices and appliances, but also allowing the things to communicate, exchanging control data and other necessary information while executing applications. Through wireless communication, the faults can be monitored and can be located on what distance they have occurred, which will save a lot of time to find the fault.

REFERENCES [1] Ghulam Rubab Mirza, Amer Kumar Maheshwari, Mukhtiar Ahmed Mahar, Abdul Sattar Larik and Gul Hassan Talpur, “Design and Fabrication of Underground Fault Distance Locator Using Arduino and GSM”. 2017 International Conference on Open Source Systems and Technologies [2] Abhay Sharma, AkashMathur, Rajat Gupta, R.B.S. Engineering Technical Campus, Bichpuri, Agra, India, “Underground Cable Fault Distance Locator”, IJAREEIE,Vol. 6, Issue 4, April 2017 [3]Gilbert Cheung, Yuan Tian, Tobias Neier, Technics of Locating Underground Cable Faults inside conduits, International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis IEEE (CMD 2016) [4] Fault Location System for Underground Transmission Line Jun-Zhe Yang Hung-Yu Lin 2013 International Symposium on Next-Generation Electronics [5] Darvhankar G.S, Gharpande A.S, Bhope S.D, Meshram A.S, Bobad A., “Study of 3-phase Underground Cable Fault Locator Using Acoustic Method”, I.J.A.E.R.D., Vol. 2, Issue 1, Jan. 2015. [6] Tanmay Kedia, Vinita Sahare, Kanchan Kumar Bauri,Rajendra Kumar Sahu, Sanjeev Kumar, Abhijeet Lal, “Underground Cable Fault Distance Detector using ATMega328 Microcontroller”, IJAREEIE, Vol.6, Issue 10, October 2017. [7] Mr. N. Sampathraja, Dr. L. Ashok Kumar, Ms. V. Kirubalakshmi and Ms. C. Muthumaniyarasi, Mr. K. Vishnu Murthy, “IoT Based Underground Cable Fault Detector”, IJMET, Volume 8, Issue 8, August 2017.